Effect of dapagliflozin (5 and 10 mg/kg) on the histological features of LPS-induced lung injury. Lung specimens of the Control or DPGZ animals exhibited no histological alterations of normal bronchioles (B), normal alveoli (A), normal airspaces (AS), and normal alveolar wall thickening (arrowhead). However, LPSexposed rats exhibited massive inflammatory-cell infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes (arrows), alveolar wall thickening (arrowheads), fibrinous exudates (star) and the highest of both the inflammation score and the lung lesion distribution score. In contrast, DPGZ at both the lowest dose and particularly the highest dose resulted in a marked improvement in lung histological features of lower degree of inflammatory-cell infiltration (arrows) and alveolar wall thickening (arrowheads) and a significant decline in both the inflammation score and the lung lesion distribution score compared to LPS-exposed rats. Copyright E. E. Abd El-Fattah, S. Saber, Simona Cavalu et al.Effect of DPGZ (5 and 10 mg/kg) on the level of (A) SOD, (B) CAT, (C) GSH, (D) NOx, and (E) MDA in rats with LPS-induced ALI. SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, GSH: reduced glutathione, NOx: nitric oxide, MDA: malondialdehyde, DPGZ: dapagliflozin, LPS: lipopolysaccharides. Copyright E. E. Abd El-Fattah, S. Saber, Simona Cavalu et al. Effect of dapagliflozin treatment on inflammatory markers: MPO activity as well as MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α levels. Copyright E. E. Abd El-Fattah, S. Saber, Simona Cavalu et al.Effect of DPGZ (5 and 10 mg/kg) on p-AMPK/t-AMPK ratio in rats with LPS-induced ALI. p-AMPK: phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate phosphate kinase, t-AMPK: total adenosine monophosphate phosphate kinase, DPGZ: dapagliflozin, LPS: lipopolysaccharides. Copyright E. E. Abd El-Fattah, S. Saber, Simona Cavalu et al.Effect of dapagliflozin treatment on NLRP3 levels, NLRP3 gene expression, and caspase-1 activity. Copyright E. E. Abd El-Fattah, S. Saber, Simona Cavalu et al.Effect of dapagliflozin treatment on NF-kB P65 binding activity and NFĸB p65 (pSer536) levels in rats with LPS-induced ALI. NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa B, DPGZ: dapagliflozin, LPS: lipopolysaccharides. Copyright E. E. Abd El-Fattah, S. Saber, Simona Cavalu et al.
Acute lung injury (ALI) is one the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. In this study, we examined for first time the role of dapagliflozin (DPGZ) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in rats and determined the underlying molecular mechanisms by evaluating the effects of DPGZ on adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), nuclear transcription factor kappa B, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 inflammasome activation. Copyright E. E. Abd El-Fattah, S. Saber, Simona Cavalu et al.
By T. Bhattacharya, G. A. Borges e Soares, H. Chopra, Md. M. Rahman, Z. Hasan, S. S. Swain and Simona Cavalu
Neurodegenerative diseases and the types of neurons affected. Copyright T. Bhattacharya, Simona Cavalu et al.
The strategies involved in the development of therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders are very complex and challenging due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a closely spaced network of blood vessels and endothelial cells that functions to prevent the entry of unwanted substances in the brain. The emergence and advancement of nanotechnology shows favourable prospects to overcome this phenomenon. Engineered nanoparticles conjugated with drug moieties and imaging agents that have dimensions between 1 and 100 nm could potentially be used to ensure enhanced efficacy, cellular uptake, specific transport, and delivery of specific molecules to the brain, owing to their modified physico-chemical features. The conjugates of nanoparticles and medicinal plants, or their components known as nano phytomedicine, have been gaining significance lately in the development of novel neuro-therapeutics owing to their natural abundance, promising targeted delivery to the brain, and lesser potential to show adverse effects. In the present review, the promising application, and recent trends of combined nanotechnology and phytomedicine for the treatment of neurological disorders (ND) as compared to conventional therapies, have been addressed. Nanotechnology-based efforts performed in bioinformatics for early diagnosis as well as futuristic precision medicine in ND have also been discussed in the context of computational approach. schematic presentation of nano-informatic (nanotechnology and bioinformatics) in present dementia or neuro-disorder research.
Schematic presentation of nano-informatic (nanotechnology and bioinformatics) in present dementia or neuro-disorder research. Copyright T. Bhattacharya, Simona Cavalu et al.
Equal advancements in neurophysiology and neuropathology exploration would help in the advancement in nanotechnology, which can be used to provide CNS recovery and neuroprotection. Accordingly, for utilization of nanotechnology in neural system science and neurosurgery, key factors that require consideration include: (1) breakthrough discoveries and developments in drug science and material science, which can help in the manufacturing of the described methodologies; (2) development and advancement of sub-atomic science, sensory system-based neurophysiology, and neuropathology; and (3) planning and combination of explicit nano-empowered therapies to the CNS, which exploit the initial two factors. As a result, nanotechnology could provide the solution and can offer breakthrough therapies for the management and treatment of NDs and can also be used to bypass the current problem of available neurological therapies i.e., non-specific targeting and lower efficacy rates of drug therapies. Therefore, taken together, neurosurgeons, nervous system specialists, neuroscientists, and drug researchers and architects, should take part in utilizing the power of nanotechnology for drug delivery. Consistent with the profoundly interdisciplinary nature of this space of exploration, it is additionally significant to note that nano-informatics and nanotechnology can also provide innovative headways and progressions that are related to fundamental and clinical neuroscience. Copyright T. Bhattacharya, Simona Cavalu et al.
UV-Vis spectra of propolis extract and chitosan/Arabic gum nanoparticles loaded with propolis. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.DLS analyses of colloidal chitosan/Arabic gum/propolis mixture: a) Particle size distribution; b) Zeta potential. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al. AFM images of chitosan/Arabic gum nanoparticles entrapping propolis extract; a) 2D view; b) 3D topography; c) Surface profile. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.AFM images of chitosan/Arabic gum nanoparticles entrapping propolis extract; a) 2D view; b) 3D topography; c) Surface profile. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.ATR FTIR spectra: a) raw propolis and powder chitosan/Arabic gum/propolis nanoparticles; b) powder chitosan and Arabic gum. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
Due to the limitation of chitosan in drug delivery systems, because of its hydrophilicity and solubility, chemical modification was performed in our study by combining with a second natural polymer, Arabic gum, in order to improve the stability of nanoparticles. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
Morphological and structural characterization, using AFM, operating in tapping mode, along with the surface profile. Although the lateral dimensions are influenced by the shape of the probe, the height measurements can provide the height of nanoparticles with a high degree of accuracy and precision. However, larger particles are formed due to the aggregation during storage time. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
Structural characterization of polymeric powder nanoparticles entrapping propolis was performed by ATR FTIR spectroscopy, and compared with recorded spectrum of raw propolis, chitosan powder and Arabic gum as reference. In the same time, the marker bands of propolis are well preserved in the polymeric mixture, indicating that the bioactive compounds are stable upon the encapsulation procedure. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
In this study we succeeded to prepare and characterize natural polymeric nanoparticles based on chitosan/Arabic gum, entrapping propolis extract. The physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles were assessed by UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy, along with Dynamic Light Scattering, revealing that particle size obtained from highly dispersed mixture was in the range of 50-400 nm, with large Gaussian distribution, the maximum percentage of size distribution being at around 120 nm. In the same time, an efficient encapsulation procedure was described using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. The morpholological features of nanoparticles were emphasized by AFM microscopy, demonstrating a good correlation between the results obtained by DLS technique. The FTIR analysis demonstrated that the marker bands of propolis are well preserved in the polymeric mixture, indicating that the bioactive compounds are stable upon the encapsulation procedure. In our formulation, we consider that a balanced crosslinking toward electrostatic interaction was established. Propolis release from polymeric matrix was monitored in both simulated gastric acid and simulated intestinal fluids, concluding that our proposed formulation is suitable for controlled release and pharmaceutical applications. Our results may provide a novel drug design, with improved bioavailability, stability and nutritional value of propolis bioactive compounds during processing and storage, with possible applications in food and nutraceutical industries. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
The glass ionomer cements present very good bio compatibility especially due to the presence of Fluor in their composition. The reactivity from the dental pulp to the ionomer cements is also favorable, even in the case of the profound cavities. The metallic ionomer cements are obturation materials that tend to replace the amalgams and were created by adding of metallic alloys to the glass powder for the purpose of improving the mechanic properties. The resistance to abrasion of the glass ionomer cements reinforced with Ag is increased compared to the ionomer cements, being close to that of the composite resins with micro filling, but inferior to the amalgams or composites for the posterior area. All these properties of the metallic glass ionomers recommend their utilization in accomplishing the definitive obturations of the permanent teeth from the lateral area, where the physiognomic aspect is not on the first place and where it is necessary a material with fast grip. The physical-chemical qualities and the bio compatibility of the glass ionomers reinforced with particles of silver was our premise in their utilization for the obturation of the molars of six years in children. Copyright K. Earar, A. Porumb, Simona Cavalu et al.
The initial aspect of the upper and inferior arch, with 1.6, 2.6, 3.6 and 4.6 with glass ionomers reinforced with silver particles. Copyright K. Earar, A. Porumb, Simona Cavalu et al.The final aspect of the occlusion: front view and left-right semi profile. Copyright K. Earar, A. Porumb, Simona Cavalu et al.The aspect of the upper arch at the end of the orthodontic treatment, with molars of 6 years obturated with glass ionomer cement. Copyright K. Earar, A. Porumb, Simona Cavalu et al.Orthopantomography of the case study. Copyright K. Earar, A. Porumb, Simona Cavalu et al.
The glass ionomer cements present a very good biocompatibility due, especially, to the presence of fluoride in their composition. This inhibits the microbial infiltration, protecting the adjacent dental structures against the decay injury. Glass ionomer is a real tank of fluoride on the entire period of life of the restoration. The reactivity from the dental pulp to the ionomer cements is favorable, even in the case of the profound cavities. The fluoride release of conventional glass ionomer cements is estimated higher compared with light-curing glass ionomer cements and compomers. Especially in young children the fluoride release may not only help to prevent secondary caries around the filling but may also reduce the risk of caries at the surface of the adjacent tooth. Copyright K. Earar, A. Porumb, Simona Cavalu et al.
The properties of the glass ionomers recommend them to be used in the performance of definitive obturations in the young permanent teeth from the lateral area, where the physiognomic aspect is not prioritary and where it is necessary a material with fast grip. Still is recommended to be used with care in the areas of maximum occlusal stress. The physical-chemical qualities, the absence of the secondary decays and the bio compatibility of the glass ionomers reinforced with particles of silver was our premise in their utilization in the obturation of the molars of six years in children, as an alternative to the composite materials. Copyright K. Earar, A. Porumb, Simona Cavalu et al.
The aim of this work was to highlight the advantages of autogenous bone grafting combined with plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) in order to improve healing and reduce dehiscence risks. Two clinical cases were presented, both with important (horizontal and vertical) bone loss: in the first case, bone augmentation was performed at the same time as tooth extraction with no surgery needed for reconstruction of dental papillae, keratinized and attached mucosa; in the second case, vertical augmentation was performed by placing the bone graft in contact with an uninfected tooth. In both cases, aesthetic outcomes were as desired at the completion of treatment and also satisfactory at seven years follow-up. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.
Crown-root fracture and bone harvesting from chin. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.Wound closure and healing, 4 months after surgery. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu.Implant placement, non-functional immediate restoration. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.Healing after 12 weeks, aesthetic result with zirconia restoration. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al. CBCT after 7 years. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.
The bone collected from the chin is predominantly cortical, with a reduced spongy component, which affects the re-vascularization efficiency. Even though the mandibular bone has an increased density, which makes it optimal for implants’ osseointegration, its regenerative potential is reduced [1, 2]. Moreover, the reconstruction of the horizontal defect is more predictable than of the vertical ones, as there are more bone walls. Consequently, the source for the capillaries that will invade the graft is larger. A more modern and better approach uses longitudinal sectioning of the bone block, thinning of the bone with a bone scraper and filling the gap between the bone graft and the recipient site with small bone particles; the bone graft is acting as a bone barrier against soft tissue penetration into the graft. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.
(a,b) Interdental septum, buccal and palatal plate missing; (c) Bone harvested from chin, soaking in plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF). Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.(a) Bone fixation on buccal plate, after graft splitting; (b) Bone fixation on palatal plate after graft splitting; (c) Gaps filled with cancellous bone. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.(a) Graft covered with fibrin membrane; (b) Wound closure after periosteum release; (c) Healing after six months. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.(a) Graft integration after six months; (b) Implant placement into the grafted bone; (c) Bone augmentation with bone obtained from the drill. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.(a) Graft covered with fibrin membrane; (b) Wound suture around the healing screw; c) Probing depth of about 2 mm. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.(a) Aesthetic result four months after the implant placement; (b) Aesthetic result with lip retracted. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.a) Aesthetic outcome after seven years follow-up; (b) Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) after seven years follow-up. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.
In the second case, however, the implant was placed six months after grafting and significant resorption was noticed. Even though the graft was integrated in the first case, the risk for dehiscence was very high; a deep incision was made for flap release that interested even the muscles fibers. A safer approach might be performing the bone graft procedure four weeks’ after tooth extraction healing, done along with PRGF placement into the alveolar socket. Deep sectioning of the muscles fibers most likely leads to soft tissue healing without surgery needed for keratinized and attached mucosa. In the second case, a safer approach might be the extraction of tooth 1.1. and bone grafting in the position of both central incisors; placing the grafted bone in contact with the root of a tooth is risky due to the possible contamination, which can lead to graft infection and loss . Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.
Autogenous bone blocks are valid for both horizontal and vertical augmentation but thin bone barrier and bone particles are nowadays the best choice for autograft bone augmentation. The success of vertical autogenous bone grafts in contact with teeth is always endangered by the possibility of graft contamination. PRGF is generally useful, but especially in vertical augmentation, considering the corresponding high risk of dehiscence. Tooth extraction with simultaneous bone grafting reduces treatment time but is complicated by high risk of dehiscence; thus, tooth extraction with PRGF, bone and soft tissue healing for four weeks prior to grafting may be a safer approach. Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.
The aim of our study was the biofortification of broccoli sprouts with selenium nanoparticles (NSePs) and evaluation of growth parameters, assimilator pigments content, total phenols, glucosinolates content along with antioxidant capacity, in order to boost value added output, such as improved nutrition and food functionality. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
a) Size distribution of NSePs b) 3D micrograph of Selenium nano-spheres . Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Effect of NSePs particles supply on: a) Total biomass; b) Root weight; c) Shoot weight. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Effect of NSePs treatment on green pigments content and total carotenoids. Inset, chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Effect of NSePs treatments on: a) total phenols content; b) antioxidant capacity determined by DPPH assay; c) antioxidant capacity determined by FRAP assay. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.FTIR spectra of broccoli sprouts leaves upon NSePs treatment: a) 100 ppm; b) 50 ppm; c) 10 ppm; d) reference spectrum. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.HPLC profile of individual glucosinolates in broccoli sprouts (9 days old) grown under different concentrations of NSePs (10, 50 and 100 ppm). 1. PRO- Progoitrin, 2. GIB-Glucoiberin, 3. GRA- Glucoraphanin, 4. 4OHGBS- 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, 5. GER- glucoerucin, 6. GBS-Glucobrassicin,7. MeGBS- methoxyglucobrassicin, 8. NGBS-Neoglucobrassicin. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Mapping nano-Se particles in situ. Enhanced Darkfield Hyperspectral images of Se uptaken: a) 60x image of Se in broccoli leaf; b) 60x image of the leaf with Se mapped and pseudo-colored in red; c) Spectral comparison of plant tissue and Se in broccoli leaf (green line-plant tissue; red line-selenium). Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
Growth parameters, assimilator pigments content, total phenols content and antioxidant capacity of broccoli sprouts were evaluated. The growth of seedlings was depent on NSe concentration.The treatment with 10 and 50 ppm NSe caused a slight increase in total biomass, by contrast with 100 ppm treatment. A significantly increase in amount of chlorophyll a was recorded in the case of broccoli sprouts leaves treated with 100 ppm. The content in clorophyll band total carotene was not affected by the treatment with nanoSe particles. The concentration of 100 ppm NSe particles was reflected in the highest antioxidant capacity. Our results demonstrated that NSe particles in concentration of 10, 50 and 100 ppm didn’t induce any toxicity on broccoli sprouts. The effective uptake of NSe was further demonstrated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and Enhanced Darkfield Hyperspectral Microscopy coupledwith CytoViva® unit. However, the complete understanding of NSe metabolism in vegetables sources requires more detailed biochemical studies and selenium uptake analysis to be conducted, especially from quantitative point of view. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
The aim of our study was to evaluate the properties of different commercially available resorbable collagen membranes for guided bone regeneration, upon addition of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF). The structural and morphological details, mechanical properties, and enzymatic degradation were investigated in a new approach, providing clinicians with new data in order to help them in a successful comparison and better selection of membranes with respect to their placement and working condition. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
Whole blood separation upon centrifugation at 580 G for 8 minutes at room temperature (a) and subsequent platelets rich in growth factor (PRGF) separation by pipetting (b); membrane immersion in PRGF (c). Copyright C. Ratiu, Simona Cavalu et al.
Hematology parameters of whole blood and PRGF fraction:
Component
Whole blood
PRGF
Leukocytes (x 103/μL)
5.9 ± 1.2
0.3 ± 0.2
Erythrocytes (x 106/μL)
4.5 ± 0.4
0.01 ± 0.0
Platelets (x 103/μL)
210 ± 20
655 ± 85
Hematology parameters of whole blood and PRGF fraction. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
Growth factor content
Value
Transforming growth factor TGFβ1: enhances the proliferative activity of fibroblasts and stimulates the biosynthesis of collagen and fibronectin
Insulin –like growth factor IGF-1: is a primary mediator of the effects of growth hormone ; can also regulate cellular DNA synthesis
105 ng/mL
Platelet-derived growth factor PDGR: enhances collagen synthesis and bone cells proliferation
14 ng/mL
Quantitative assessment of the main growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines in PRGF fraction. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of different commercial collagen membranes before (a,d,g) and after (b,e,h) PRGF treatment; AFM 3D topography of the membrane surface after PRGF treatment (c,f,i) showing the details of collagen fibers. The images correspond to Biocollagen® (a–c), CovaTM Max (d–f), and Jason® (g–i). Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Nanoindentation measurements: load–displacement curves recorded for each membrane before (a,c,e) and after (b,d,f) PRGF treatment. The images correspond to Jason® (a,b), Biocollagen® (c,d), and CovaTM Max (e,f). Legend: MC1/MC2 = Jason® membrane before/after PRGF treatment; MCP1/MCP2 = Biocollagen® membrane before/after PRGF treatment; MPP1/MPP2 = CovaTM Max membrane before/after PRGF treatment. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Young modulus calculations with respect to the three collagen membranes before (a) and after PRGF treatment (b). Legend: MPP1/MPP2 = CovaTMMax membrane before/after PRGF treatment; MC1/MC2 = Jason® membrane before/after PRGF treatment; MCP1/MCP2 = Biocollagen® membrane before/after PRGF treatment. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Results of enzymatic degradation test of native (unmodified) and PRGF-modified collagen membranes. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
PRGF-modified collagen membranes investigated in our study present new evidence of several advantages, with respect to a rapid and predictable soft tissue healing. The structural and morphological features of three different commercial collagen membranes for GBG/GTR were investigated upon PRGF treatment, revealing that particular characteristics such as porosity, fiber density, and surface topography may influence the mechanical behavior and performance of the membranes. By FTIR spectroscopy, it was demonstrated that the collagen matrix may act as a natural reservoir for growth factor delivery. Nanoindentation measurements revealed that, upon PRGF treatment, the changes of Young modulus values are correlated with the ultrastructural properties of each membrane type, especially the porosity. The mechanical properties of the membranes were analyzed in a comparative manner, before and after PRGF modification. The enzymatic (trypsin) degradation test also emphasized a different behavior—PRGF-modified membranes exhibited a slower degradation compared with the native ones. Within the limitations of the present study, the results are important with respect to the regulation and kinetic release of multiple growth factors that can be adapted to specific therapeutic conditions. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
Common and distinct therapeutic effects of Ocimum and Trifolium species. Copyright I.A. Antonescu, Simona Cavalu et al.Different species of Trifolium according to the amount of cyanogenic glycosides and isoflavones and identifying the species with rich chemical composition. Copyright I.A. Antonescu, Simona Cavalu et al.Pharmacological activities of extracts from Trifolium and Ocimum species after internal and external administration. Copyright I. A. Antonescu, Simona Cavalu et al.Stages of the wound healing process (adapted from [121]). Copyright I.A. Antonescu, Simona Cavalu et al.
The ability to promote wound healing by synergic effect of Trifolium Pratense and Ocimum basilicum mixt extract has not been studied yet, being the central point for future studies. So far, the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer properties have been demonstrated for each extract individually, obtaining promising results, and for these reasons, in the future, the mixture of both extracts are of great interest to be studied, expecting for a potential synergistic effect.
To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies in the literature dealing with any in vitro tests of the mixture Trifolium pretense and Ocimum basilicum extracts. Our research group performed a preliminary study using the “scratch test” assay on human fibroblasts, by applying the extract mixture in different concentrations on fibroblasts culture, in order to evaluate the optimum concentration to promote the stimulation and proliferation of the cells. Within this test, which is an in vitro model of wound healing, human fibroblasts were primarly grown to a confluent monolayer, and then was scraped in a straight line with a pipette tip, in order to simulate a wound. The fibroblasts migration into the wound area was monitored during 48 h incubation in the presence of different concentrations of mixed plant extracts along with the control (no treatment). Copyright I.A. Antonescu, Simona Cavalu et al.
The spontaneous migration of dermal fibroblasts is evidenced under light microscopy, along with the control samples, showing the progressive covering of the pseudo-wound monitored at different times intervals. Copyright I.A. Antonescu, Simona Cavalu et al.Wound healing percent express as fibroblast migration to cover the scratched area. Copyright I.A. Antonescu, Simona Cavalu et al.
The antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity of Ocimum and Trifolium species are summarized in this review in order to explore the therapeutic potential of Ocimum basilicum and Trifolium pretense in relation with their phytochemical profile and to highlight the pharmacological activity of aqueous or ethanol extracts. Special attention was devoted to the dermal pathology and wound healing effects, in the context of multiple skin conditions such as acne, eczema boils, psoriasis and rashes. Both extracts (Trifolium sp. and Ocimum sp.) are characterized by high content of antioxidant compounds, which are also responsible for the radiance and resistance of the skin and the slowing down of the aging process by maintaining estrogen levels. Moreover, the potential combined effect of the mixed extract is pointed out in terms of future applications for wound healing, based on some preliminary results obtained from a “scratch tests” assay performed with respect to human dermal fibroblasts. Copyright I.A. Antonescu, Simona Cavalu et al.
The aim of our work was to develop and characterize a novel composition based on PVA reinforced with Se-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and natural hydroxyapatite (HA), for possible orthopedic applications. The PVA/Se-doped TiO2 composites with and without HA were structurally investigated by FTIR and XRD, in order to confirm the incorporation of the inorganic phase in the polymeric structure, and by SEM and XRF, to evidence the ultrastructural details and dispersion of nanoparticles in the PVA matrix. Both the mechanical and structural properties of the composites demonstrated a synergic reinforcing effect of HA and Se-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Moreover, the tailorable properties of the composites were proved by the viability and differentiation potential of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) to osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages. The novel hybrid PVA composites show suitable structural, mechanical and biological features to be considered as a promising biomaterial for articular cartilage and subchondral bone repair. (Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.)
SEM micrographs of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals (a) and Se-doped TiO2 nanoparticles obtained from a TiO2 precursor calcinated at 400 (c), 600 (d) and 800 °C (e) along with the corresponding EDX spectra (b,f).XRD pattern of precursor TiO2 particles calcinated at different temperatures (400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C) (a) and corresponding Se-doped TiO2 particles (b). The symbols are: A—anatase, R—rutile, Se—elemental selenium, T—reduced titanate. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Photographic images of poly(vinyl alcohol)/Se-doped TiO2 composites with and without HA and the reference PVA specimen (10%). The inset images present the powder of Se-doped TiO2 particles prepared from TiO2 precursor after calcination at 400, 600 and 800 °C, respectively. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.FTIR spectra of PVA/Se-doped TiO2 composites (a) and PVA/HA/Se-doped TiO2 composites (b). Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.XRD patterns of PVA composites: (a) PVA-based composites with Se-doped TiO2 particles incorporated; (b) PVA-based composites with HA and Se-doped TiO2 particles incorporated. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.SEM images (cross section) of the PVA composites reinforced with Se-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and HA, with different details: (a) PVA 10%; (b,c) PVA HA; (d) PVA 400; (e,f) PVA 400HA; (g) PVA 600; (h,i) PVA 600HA; (j) PVA 800; (k,l) PVA 800HA. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Load–displacement curves recorded for the PVA samples with (right) and without (left) HA. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Differentiation potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) to adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages, after 72 h incubation time, in the presence of PVA-based composites. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.MTT assay of BMMSCs after 72 h incubation with PVA-based composites. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
In our paper, Se-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were used as nanofiller, with the main goal of possible multiple advantages, such as osteogenic, anticancer and antimicrobial properties.We succeeded in preparing Se-doped TiO2 nanoparticles via a hydrothermal reaction, characterized by XRD and SEM, emphasizing their morphology and crystallinity. Depending on the calcination temperature of the TiO2 precursor, the morphology of the nanoparticles turns from nanorods to nanowires, while Se nanoparticles preserve their spherical shape.The morphology of the composites evidenced a good dispersion of both Se-doped TiO2 and HA particles within the polymeric hydrogel, resulting in a reinforced fibrous structure. Se-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were deeply embedded in the polymeric network, while the larger HA particles filled the porous architecture. It is obvious that the presence of HA particles influences the porosity of the PVA matrix. As an overall behavior, it seems that all the composites show better performance for the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation rather than for the adipogenic one. BMMSCs had fibroblast-like morphologies, maintaining their normal spindle shape in the early passages, while at later passages, exhibiting less concordant cell morphologies, with some cells characterized by an irregular flattened geometry and enlarged size. Particularly, the chondrogenic stimulation exhibited a distinct extracellular cartilage matrix stained with Alcian Blue (Sigma-Aldrich). At the same time, for osteogenic differentiation, Alizarin (Sigma-Aldrich) staining showed the formation of calcium oxalates on the differentiated BMMSCs, which was not observed in the undifferentiated cells. Intracellular lipid droplets staining using Oil Red-O (Sigma-Aldrich) proved the adipogenesis of BMSCs. Comparing the results obtained for different composites, it seems that PVA800 with or without HA shows the lowest differentiation potential in terms of adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic stimulation. (Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.).
(a) Dental cast measurements: Irregularity index (A + B + C + D + E); (b) Cephalometric analysis using OnixCeph software. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.(a) Vacuum-formed retainer (VFR); (b) VFR view in the oral cavity. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.(a) Hawley retainer (HR); (b) HR view in the oral cavity. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.
The efficiency of both types of removable retainers was evaluated according to the following criteria:-Damage of the retainers (fractures—perforated and cracked, loss, unfitting and obvious discolorations) as a result of which the respective retainers could no longer be used, requiring restoration.-Loss of the retainer.-The rate of installation of mild or severe relapse of dento-maxillary anomalies, requiring the use of various therapeutic interventions. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.
Distribution of the patients according to the existence of damage and type of retainer. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al. Distribution of the patients according to the type of damage and type of retainer. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.Distribution of the patients according to the existence of loss and type of retainer. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.Distribution of the patients according to the type of loss and type of retainer. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.Distribution of the patients according to the existence of mild relapse and type of retainer. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.Distribution of the patients according to the type of mild relapse and type of retainer. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al. Distribution of the patients according to the existence of severe relapse and type of retainer. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.Distribution of the patients according to the type of severe relapse and type of retainer. Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.
The study we conducted shows that VFRs are less resistant than HRs, suffering much more fractures compared to HRs (p < 0.001). Mild relapses were reported in both groups without any statistical significance, being more frequently at T1 in both groups—due to inadequate wearing, damage, or loss of retainer. Mild relapses could be remediated by activating the HRs or by manufacturing the VFRs on the setup models. However, severe relapses were significantly more frequent in the HRs group (p < 0.05), especially due to improper wearing. These situations required the resumption of the active orthodontic treatment with a fixed appliance or clear aligners.Most of the patients (8 patients) with severe relapse in our study, belonging to the HRs group, initially showed severe canine abnormalities (accentuated ectopia or impactions), that suggests that HR are associated with a higher risk of relapse in patients who have been orthodontically treated for severe canine malposition. Two of the patients in the VFRs group with severe relapse initially presented canine abnormalities associated with severe dental crowding, while three patients initially presented severe protrusions. However, the thermoplastic retainer has lower resistance in time compared to the Hawley retainer. No differences between groups were found in the rates of loss of the retainers. The risk of severe relapse during the first year of the retention phase is higher when using Hawley retainers. (Copyright L. Vaida, Simona Cavalu et al.).
The purpose of our study was to investigate the structural modifications of collagen extracellular matrix of amniotic membrane upon interaction with two different antibiotics, frequently used in surgical and post- surgical procedure, respectively ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. SEM micrographs evidenced the ultrastructure features of dried amniotic membrane, with laminar structure, flexible, transparent, with no blood vesels or nerves. FTIR spectroscopy combined with deconvolution techniques was applied with the aim to determine the extent of denaturation upon treatment with different antibiotics. By spectral analysis, we concluded that gentamicin treatment is more favorable compared to ciprofloxacin, as the denaturation process is reflected by the lower sheet/turns ratio of the secondary structure composition.
Photographic image of amniotic membrane; (b) SEM micrograph recorded on the surface of amniotic membrane; (c) SEM cross-section image of amniotic membrane. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.FTIR spectra of amniotic membrane: (a) air dried, natural; (b) after gentamicin treatment; (c) after ciprofloxacin treatment. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.Quantitative analysis (percent) based on spectral deconvolution of amide I FTIR absorption band of natural amniotic membrane and threated with gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
The present study was devoted to structural analyses of amniotic membrane as a potential natural biomaterial for biomedical applications, including tissue regeneration. The basement membrane closely resembles to that of the conjunctiva and cornea, especially with regards to its collagen composition (collagen type IV, V and VI) in addition to fibronectin and laminin. SEM micrographs evidenced the ultrastructure features of dried amniotic membrane, with laminar structure, flexible, transparent, with no blood vessels or nerves. FTIR spectroscopy combined with deconvolution techniques was applied in order to determine the extent of amniotic membrane denaturation upon treatment with different antibiotics. By spectral analysis, we can conclude that the gentamicin treatment is more favorable compared to ciprofloxacin, as the denaturation process is reflected by the lower sheet/turns ratio.(Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.)
The aim of this study is to obtain “giant” liposomes by lipid film hydration using a preparation formula with two different phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS).Firstly, the macro- and microscopic characterization, total phenols content and antioxidant capacity of the plant Stellaria media (L.) Vill. were assessed. Then, Stellaria media (L.) Vill. extract was encapsulated in both formulations (PCE and PSE) and the liposomes were characterized according to their morphology, size distribution and Zeta potential using optical microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the values of both formulations were compared. PC and PCE liposomes with a diameter between 712 and 1000 nm and PS and PSE liposomes with a diameter between 58 and 1000 nm were obtained. The values EE% of Stellaria media (L.) Vill. extract for PCE and PSE were 92.09% and 84.25%, respectively.
Preparation of the liposomes with Stellaria media (L.) Vill. extract and empty liposomes by lipid film hydration. Copyright F. Miere(Groza), Simona Cavalu et al.Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the plant Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (a) The aerial part of the plant Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Stelariae herba (personal photo), (b) flower of the plant Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (personal photo), (c) cross-section through the main stem (100×), (d) longitudinal section through the main stem (200×). Copyright F. Miere (Groza), Simona Cavalu et al.Microscopic images of the liposomes: (a) Liposomes with phosphatidylcholine (PC), (b) Liposomes with phosphatidylcholine with encapsulated Stellaria media (L.) Vill. extract (PCE), (c) Liposomes with phosphatidylserine (PS), (d) Liposomes with phosphatidylserine with encapsulated Stellaria media (L.) Vill. extract (PSE). The red arrows show the characteristic spherical shape of liposomes. Copyright F. Miere (Groza), Simona Cavalu et al.Diameter distribution for PC liposomes without encapsulated extract of Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (a) and PCE liposomes with encapsulated extract of Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (b). Copyright F. Miere (Groza), Simona Cavalu et al.
Both PC and PS liposomes and their homologues with encapsulated plant extract were “giant” multilamellar liposomes. In the case of PC and PCE liposomes, around 50–80% presented dimensions between 712 and 1000 nm, while more than 90% of PS and PSE liposomes were in the range of 58–1000 nm. The larger diameter of the PC and PCE liposomes confirmed that the type of phospholipids used in the preparation significantly influenced the size and electrical charge of the formulation. The phosphatidylserine-based formulations showed smaller diameters and a negative Zeta potential, meaning they had better stability compared to phosphatidylcholine-based ones. We also demonstrated a high inclusion percentage of the Stellaria media (L.) Vill. extract in both formulations—more than 90% for PCE and more than 80% for PSE. (Copyright F. Miere (Groza), Simona Cavalu et al.
Knowing the biological and pharmacological properties of propolis, the first goal of our study was to prepare and characterize a propolis nano-formulation (NPs) in order to be used for wound healing applications. The ability of propolis NPs to stimulate the migration of dermal fibroblasts in vitro was assessed by scratch test assay. The concentration of 200 μg/mL propolis NPs was found to have similar effect as the positive control. The second goal was to prepare a propolis-collagen membrane and to investigate the morphological and nanoindentation properties by AFM. The ultrastructure network of collagen fibrils was not affected by incorporation of propolis NPs, showing a nano-porous structure, favorable for soft tissue regeneration applications. Enzymatic degradation assay indicated a reduced degradation rate upon incorporation of propolis NPs in collagen matrix.
Ionotropic gelation method was applied for the preparation of propolis NPS. The nanoparticles were formed spontaneously due to ionic interaction between the protonated amine groups in chitosan and the negatively charged counter-ion TPP, being stabilized by Tween 80.
TEM image of propolis NPs; b) size distribution and c) EDX corresponding spectrum. Copyright Simona CavaluSpontaneous evolution of human fibroblasts in cell culture medium, monitored at different time intervals (6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 110 hours) until the confluence was achieved (Phase contrast image, scale bar 50 μm). Copyright Simona CavaluFibroblasts migration monitored after different time intervals and wound closure under the treatment with propolis NPs at two different concentrations, compared to the positive and negative control. The initial area of the scratch (t=o) is represented by the red rectangle (Phase contrast image, scale bar 100 μm). Copyright Simona Cavalu.The percent of restored fibroblasts monolayer upon migration of the cells into the free area, monitored during 48 h (Statistical relevance p<0.05). Copyright Simona Cavalu.AFM images of neat collagen membrane (a,b) and collagen membrane with propolis NPs incorporated (c, d), in 3D and 2D configurations.
The tridimensional network of collagen fibrils is visible in both specimens (with or without propolis NPs incorporated) emphasizing the details of repetitive structure of the D-bands pattern of a single collagen fibril, with periodic gaps and grooves, in concordance with some previous published work [32, 33]. The periodicity of D-bands is less visible after propolis NPs incorporation. Moreover, after propolis NPs incorporation and freeze drying procedure, an obvious porous ultrastructure formation was noticed, as a result of fibers self-assembly.
Collagenase degradation test of neat collagen membrane and collagen-propolis NPs membrane (statistical relevance p<0.05). Copyright Simona Cavalu.
A collagen-based membrane was prepared and investigated by AFM in terms of morphological features and nanoindentation. The network of collagen fibrils was not affected by propolis NPs, showing a nano-porous structure, favorable for soft tissue regeneration applications. Enzymatic degradation assay indicated a reduced degradation rate upon incorporation of propolis NPs in collagen matrix. Corroborating the above mentioned results, we consider that modified-collagen membrane by adding propolis NPs in a controlled concentration, might represent a promising natural alternative to synthetic bandages for wound healing applications. Of course, further in vitro and in vivo tests are necessary to evaluate the biological performances of collagen-modified membranes, in terms of tissue adaptation and integration. (Simona Cavalu, PM Pasca, Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, Volume 16, Issue 3, Pages 929 – 938July-September 2021).
By Laslo, V., Pinzaru, S. C., Zaguła, G., Kluz, M., Vicas, S. I., & Simona Cavalu
Cadmium is a heavy metal, environmental pollutant and toxic for organisms. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and nanoparticles represent useful tools to remove heavy metals from different environments. The main goal of our study was to develop a novel experimental design for cadmium (Cd) disposal using L. casei or L. fermentum and exogenous selenium nanoparticles. The experimental design was developed in two steps. In the first step, bio-synthesis, morphological and chemical characterization of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) produced by L. casei was performed. In the next step, L. casei and L. fermentum were used to evidence their binding ability toward Cd, highlighting the role of SeNPs against Cd-induced toxicity. Homogenous, spherical shape SeNPs and sharp size distribution with maximum 200 nm were obtained via reduction route, using L. casei and Na 2 SeO 3 . Addition of Cd to LAB culture medium strongly inhibits both bacteria growth. SeNPs, in contrast to sodium selenite, clearly demonstrates the protective effect against Cd toxicity, as evidenced by dynamic growth curves of both bacteria. A better stimulation of endogenous SeNPs production was noticed for L. fermentum compared to L. casei . The efficiency of Cd bioabsorption by LAB was in the range 43.78% – 50.87%, the ratio of 1:2 LAB/SeNPs showing the best results for both bacteria. The synergic effect of biogenic SeNPs and LAB against Cd toxicity was demonstrated. The combination of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared), FT Raman (Fourier Transformed Raman) and ICPOES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy) techniques provides specific qualitative and quantitative information on the behavior of probiotic species with respect to SeNPs synthesis and Cd disposal. (Simona Cavalu et al. JOMS 1247, 2022, 131325).
Liquid crystals (LCs) are also known as mesophase, which means an intermediate state between conventional solids and isotropic liquid, being mostly classified into two types: thermo tropic LCs (phase transition as a function of temperature) and lyotropic LCs (phase transition as a function of concentration of amphiphiles). Important features like thermodynamic stability, improved solubility of hydrophobic drugs, improved bioavailability and controlled release pattern made them effective carriers for a variety of drugs and bioactive compounds. Due to these unique features, LCs possess wide applications in the field of pharmaceuticals and become an attractive choice of vehicle for in vivo drug delivery. This review paper aims on highlighting the concept of LCs, classification, preparation methods and characterization techniques, in the context of pharmaceutical applications along with its perspectives in drug delivery systems. (Rajni Bala, Rakesh K. Sindhu, Bharti Kaundle, Reecha Madaan, Simona Cavalu, JOMS 1245, 2021, 131117)
