Evolution of diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori infections: from traditional tests to high technology, advanced sensitivity and discrimination tools

By A. I. Cardos, Simona Cavalu et al.

Invasive and noninvasive diagnostic tools for H. pylori. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.
Invasive and noninvasive diagnostic tools for H. pylori. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.

This paper aims to expose the diagnosis methods for H. pylori that are currently available, high-lighting their assets and limitations. The perspectives and the advantages of nanotechnology along with the concept of nano(bio)sensors and development of lab-on-chip devices as advanced tools for H. pylori detection, differentiation and discrimination is also presented, by emphasizing multiple advantages: simple, fast, cost effective, portable, and miniaturized, small volume of sam-ples required, highly sensitive and selective. It is generally accepted that intelligent sensors devel-opment will completely revolutionize the acquisition procedure and medical decision in the framework of smart healthcare monitoring system. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.

Histological imaging for H. pylori
Gastric mucosa showing reduced cytoplasmic mucin (blue arrow), reactive epithelial changes (red arrow) and a mix between acute inflammatory cells and chronic inflammatory cells (H&E, ob100x); b) Gastric mucosa showing reduced cytoplasmic mucin (blue arrow), lymphocytes and plasma cells (red arrow). Histological imaging for H. pylori (yellow arrow). H&E, 200x ob; c) Clusters of cells with intracellular H. pylori were widely distributed within the lamina propria (blue arrow) and were especially abundant just below the superficial epithelial cell layer of the gastric mucosa (red ar-row). IHC 100x ob. Images from private collection, Prof. dr. Ovidiu Pop, unpublished. Copyright Simona Cavalu, Ovidiu Pop et al.

The limitations of traditional tools have promoted the development of innovative methods for the rapid and cost-effective diagnosis of H. pylori infection. These novel biosensors, coupled with nanomaterials, may provide a hybrid device with unique physical and chemical properties, which make them an excellent label and sensing device for point of care (POC) diagnosing of H. pylori. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.

In recent years, the development of nanotechnology allowed the nano-biosensor to be connected to wearable devices, meanwhile, the signal/information is transmitted wirelessly to a smartphone, leading to a smart healthcare monitoring system. The combination between using a smartphone as a reader and the nano-biosensors as a detection method has been already investigated for biomedical applications (detection of various pathogens, chemical substances, cells, etc.), the integration of smart instruments, and nanobiotechnology, leading to all-in-one sensing systems used as portable self-diagnosis devices. Copyright Simona Cavalu et al.

Full text at https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020508

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